{"id":6919,"date":"2020-10-08T11:11:08","date_gmt":"2020-10-08T09:11:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:8888\/igfae-ber\/?p=6919"},"modified":"2024-04-12T14:23:03","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T12:23:03","slug":"o-buraco-negro-sempre-pia-duas-veces","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/o-buraco-negro-sempre-pia-duas-veces\/","title":{"rendered":"O buraco negro sempre \u201cp\u00eda\u201d d\u00faas veces: novas pistas permiten descifrar a forma destes obxectos c\u00f3smicos"},"content":{"rendered":"

Un equipo de astr\u00f3nomos, liderado polo novo investigador de ondas\u00a0 gravitacionais do Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE) Juan Calder\u00f3n\u00a0 Bustillo, revela que cando dous buracos\u00a0 negros fusi\u00f3nanse, o buraco negro remanente emite pulsos de ondas gravitacionais, similares \u00e1s dun faro, que permiten pescudar a s\u00faa forma. O estudo publ\u00edcase hoxe en Communications Physics <\/em>da revista Nature<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Os buracos negros at\u00f3panse entre os obxectos m\u00e1is fascinantes do Universo. Na s\u00faa superficie, co\u00f1ecida como \u201chorizonte de eventos\u201d, a gravidade t\u00f3rnase tan forte que nin sequera a luz pode escapar \u00e1 s\u00faa atracci\u00f3n. Normalmente, os buracos son criaturas\u00a0 aletargadas e silenciosas que van devorando calquera obxecto que se lles achegue demasiado. Con todo, de cando en vez, estas bestas c\u00f3smicas chocan e fusi\u00f3nanse, dando lugar a un dos eventos m\u00e1is catastr\u00f3ficos que se poden dar no Cosmos. Durante o devandito proceso, un buraco negro recentemente nado e moi\u00a0 deformado libera inxentes cantidades de enerx\u00eda mentres adquire a s\u00faa forma final. Este fen\u00f3meno, que dura apenas unha fracci\u00f3n de segundo, ofrece unha oportunidade \u00fanica de observar buracos negros que cambian rapidamente de forma, e permite estudar a gravidade en condici\u00f3ns extremas.<\/p>\n

A\u00ednda que as colisi\u00f3ns de buracos negros non producen luz, poden ser observadas grazas \u00e1s ondas\u00a0 gravitacionais \u2014deformaci\u00f3ns do propio tecido espazo-temporal\u2014 que orixinan. Durante d\u00e9cadas postulouse que, tras a colisi\u00f3n, o comportamento do buraco negro remanente \u00e9 clave para estudar a gravidade en detalle, e que este deber\u00eda estar codificado nas ondas\u00a0 gravitacionales.<\/p>\n

Hoxe a revista Communications Physics<\/em> de Nature<\/em> publica un traballo<\/a> liderado por Juan Calder\u00f3n Bustillo, novo investigador posdoutoral Junior Leader <\/em>de \u201cla Caixa\u201d \u2013 Marie Curie Fellow<\/em> no IGFAE, en colaboraci\u00f3n co Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, EE. UU), que revela como as ondas\u00a0 gravitacionais levan impresas a forma do buraco negro final segundo consigue a s\u00faa forma definitiva.<\/p>\n

\u201cSimulamos colisi\u00f3ns de buracos negros en supercomputadores, e comparamos a forma cambiante do buraco negro final coas ondas gravitacionais que emite\u201d, comenta\u00a0 Christopher Evans, estudante de doutorado no Georgia Institute of Technology e coautor do artigo. \u201cAs\u00ed descubrimos que estes sinais son moito m\u00e1is ricas e complexas do que se pensaba e perm\u00edtennos entender a forma do buraco.\u201d<\/p>\n

As ondas gravitacionais emitidas por estas colisi\u00f3ns son sinais moi simples, co\u00f1ecidas como chirps<\/em> ou \u201cgorjeos\u201d. \u201cA medida que os dous buracos aprox\u00edmanse cada vez m\u00e1is r\u00e1pido, emiten un sinal cuxa frecuencia e amplitude vai crecendo e que nos informa sobre a velocidade e o tama\u00f1o da \u00f3rbita que describen\u201d, explica Juan Calder\u00f3n Bustillo. \u201cTras a colisi\u00f3n, o buraco negro remanente emite un sinal cunha frecuencia ou nota constante que se apaga rapidamente, como sucede ao golpear unha camp\u00e1\u201d. Este fen\u00f3meno rep\u00edtese en todas as ondas gravitacionais que se observaron ata o de agora, nas cales vimos a colisi\u00f3n \u201cdesde arriba\u201d. Con todo, o estudo revelou que algo totalmente distinto sucede se estes sinais obs\u00e9rvanse desde o plano orbital \u201cou o ecuador\u201d da colisi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

A: Etapas dunha fusi\u00f3n de buracos negros. Inicialmente, durante a etapa de espiral, ambos os buracos orbitan un en torno ao outro, aproxim\u00e1ndose paulatinamente. Despois, ambos os buracos fusi\u00f3nanse, formando un buraco moi distorsionado. Finalmente, durante a etapa de relaxamento, o novo buraco final consegue a s\u00faa forma final. B: Frecuencia dos sinais observadas \u201cdesde arriba\u201d da colisi\u00f3n (esquerda) e desde varias posici\u00f3ns no plano orbital (resto) en funci\u00f3n do tempo. O primeiro sinal mostra a caracter\u00edstica forma de \u201cgorjeo\u201d, na que tanto amplitude como frecuencia increm\u00e9ntanse a medida que pasa o tempo. As outras tres mostra que, tras a colisi\u00f3n (en t=0) a frecuencia baixa e sobe unha vez m\u00e1is, producindo un segundo gorjeo (rodeado en amarelo).<\/p><\/div>\n

Sinais complexos segundo a forma do buraco<\/strong><\/p>\n

O equipo atopou que o buraco negro final emite sinais moito m\u00e1is complexos, cunha nota que se volve grave e aguda varias veces, antes de apagarse. Dito doutro xeito, o buraco \u201cp\u00eda\u201d varias veces e non unha, como normalmente esp\u00e9rase. Ditas sinais est\u00e1n relacionadas coa s\u00faa forma, que act\u00faa como unha especie de faro de ondas\u00a0 gravitacionais. Cando os buracos que chocan te\u00f1en distintos tama\u00f1os, o buraco resultante ten inicialmente unha forma como de casta\u00f1a, cun lado en forma de punta e o outro m\u00e1is redondeado e uniforme. O achado deste traballo \u00e9 que o buraco emite sinais m\u00e1is intensos desde as s\u00faas rexi\u00f3ns m\u00e1is curvadas, que son as que rodean a punta. Dado que este buraco tam\u00e9n rota, a punta e as \u201ccostas\u201d van apuntando en todas direcci\u00f3ns de modo alternativo, dando lugar aos gorjeos m\u00faltiples.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Detalle da forma do buraco negro final (visto desde arriba) e a s\u00faa forma de \u201ccasta\u00f1a\u201d. Tres rexi\u00f3ns de alta emisi\u00f3n (en amarelo) acum\u00falanse preto da punta. O buraco rota, apuntando sucesivamente en todas as direcci\u00f3ns. Cr\u00e9dito: C. Evans, J.Calder\u00f3n Bustillo
CREDIT: C. Evans, J. Calder\u00f3n Bustillo<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cDurante moito tempo sup\u00faxose que o comportamento dos buracos negros e as ondas que emiten est\u00e1n relacionados. O noso estudo proporciona o primeiro exemplo expl\u00edcito desta relaci\u00f3n\u201d, recalca Pablo Laguna, exdecano da facultade de f\u00edsica do Georgia Institute\u00a0 of Technology<\/em> e agora profesor na Universidade de Texas (Austin, EE. UU).<\/p>\n

“O ano pasado, o Event Horizon Telescope<\/em> obtivo a primeira imaxe dun buraco negro, co\u00f1ecido como\u00a0 M87. Non obstante, \u00e9 un buraco negro que est\u00e1 m\u00e1is ben en repouso e non experimenta cambios\u00a0 importantes. No futuro, os detectores de ondas\u00a0 gravitacionais poder\u00edan permitirnos comprender como se comportan buracos negros recentemente nados, mentres experimentan cambios r\u00e1pidos e violentos, o cal permitir\u00eda po\u00f1er a proba a teor\u00eda da gravidade de Einstein cun detalle sen precedentes\u201d, concl\u00fae Calder\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

O\u00a0 IGFAE \u00e9 un centro mixto da Universidade de Santiago (USC) e a Xunta de Galicia, acreditado como Unidade de Excelencia \u201cMar\u00eda de Maeztu\u201d (o \u00fanico centro de Galicia con esta distinci\u00f3n) e Centro de Singular de Investigaci\u00f3n do Sistema Universitario de Galicia.<\/p>\n

Referencias:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Calderon Bustillo, J., Evans, C., Clark, J.A. et al. Post-merger chirps from binary black holes as probes of the final black-hole horizon. Commun Phys<\/em> 3<\/strong>, 176 (2020).<\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42005-020-00446-7<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42005-020-00446-7<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Un equipo de astr\u00f3nomos, liderado polo novo investigador de ondas\u00a0 gravitacionais do Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE) Juan Calder\u00f3n\u00a0 Bustillo, revela que cando dous buracos\u00a0 negros fusi\u00f3nanse, o buraco negro remanente emite pulsos de ondas gravitacionais, similares \u00e1s dun faro, que permiten pescudar a s\u00faa forma. O estudo publ\u00edcase hoxe en Communications […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":7198,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[166,217],"class_list":["post-6919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novas-2","category-novas-cientificas-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nO buraco negro sempre \u201cp\u00eda\u201d d\u00faas veces: novas pistas permiten descifrar a forma destes obxectos c\u00f3smicos - IGFAE<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/o-buraco-negro-sempre-pia-duas-veces\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"gl_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"O buraco negro sempre \u201cp\u00eda\u201d d\u00faas veces: novas pistas permiten descifrar a forma destes obxectos c\u00f3smicos - IGFAE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Un equipo de astr\u00f3nomos, liderado polo novo investigador de ondas\u00a0 gravitacionais do Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE) Juan Calder\u00f3n\u00a0 Bustillo, revela que cando dous buracos\u00a0 negros fusi\u00f3nanse, o buraco negro remanente emite pulsos de ondas gravitacionais, similares \u00e1s dun faro, que permiten pescudar a s\u00faa forma. 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