{"id":23337,"date":"2026-04-22T09:46:44","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T07:46:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/?p=23337"},"modified":"2026-04-22T13:54:29","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T11:54:29","slug":"un-cristal-de-laboratorio-para-intentar-ver-materia-escura","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/un-cristal-de-laboratorio-para-intentar-ver-materia-escura\/","title":{"rendered":"Un cristal de laboratorio para intentar ver materia escura"},"content":{"rendered":"

A materia ordinaria representa apenas o 5% do Universo. O resto segue sendo un misterio para a Humanidade: non sabemos de que est\u00e1 composta, nin como se comporta. Est\u00edmase que a maior parte \u00e9 enerx\u00eda escura, e o resto (ao redor dun 27%) \u00e9 a materia escura, unha substancia que ten masa, e que se delata pola s\u00faa atracci\u00f3n gravitatoria sobre as galaxias, pero que non emite nin absorbe luz e que nunca foi detectada directamente nun laboratorio.<\/p>\n

Con todo, a comunidade cient\u00edfica non desiste e insiste, desde moi diversas perspectivas, para observar alg\u00fan sinal. Gonzalo Alonso-\u00c1lvarez, investigador Ram\u00f3n y Cajal no Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE), centro mixto da USC e a Xunta de Galicia, participou nun experimento para intentar detectar axi\u00f3ns, un tipo de part\u00edculas hipot\u00e9ticas que son candidatas para formar a materia escura. Os axi\u00f3ns, de existir, ser\u00edan extremadamente lixeiros (miles de mill\u00f3ns de veces m\u00e1is lixeiros que o electr\u00f3n) e impregnar\u00edan o espazo como un campo invisible e ondulante, producindo perturbaci\u00f3ns peri\u00f3dicas e moi sut\u00eds no interior de certos n\u00facleos at\u00f3micos.<\/p>\n

I\u00f3ns atrapados nun cristal preto do cero absoluto<\/strong><\/p>\n

No experimento utiliz\u00e1ronse i\u00f3ns de europio-153 embebidos nun cristal de silicato de itrio, arrefriado a -268 \u00b0C. Segundo explica o investigador do IGFAE, \u201co europio-153 ten un n\u00facleo cunha forma especial que o fai particularmente sensible \u00e1 perturbaci\u00f3n que producir\u00eda un campo de axi\u00f3ns\u201d.<\/p>\n

Mediante espectroscop\u00eda de precisi\u00f3n, os investigadores monitorizaron os niveis de enerx\u00eda dos esp\u00edns nucleares do europio, buscando ese sinal caracter\u00edstico que deixar\u00eda a materia escura. A an\u00e1lise estat\u00edstica foi dese\u00f1ada para aproveitar as propiedades espec\u00edficas dese sinal \u2014 oscilante e coherente, con caracter\u00edsticas determinadas pola f\u00edsica do campo gal\u00e1ctico de axi\u00f3ns \u2014 o que permite distinguila do ru\u00eddo aleatorio do experimento.<\/p>\n

\"\u00a0Ilustraci\u00f3n

Ilustraci\u00f3n esquem\u00e1tica do aparello experimental usado para a detecci\u00f3n de materia escura axi\u00f3nica. Imaxe adaptada de Fan, Mingyu et al. \u201cWideband Search for Axionlike Dark Matter Using Octupolar Nuclei in a Crystal\u201d Physical Review Letters (2026).<\/p><\/div>\n

Sen sinais, pero con avances <\/strong><\/p>\n

Este experimento non atopou ning\u00fan sinal de materia escura. Pero, como advirte Gonzalo Alonso, \u201ciso \u00e9 un resultado en si mesmo: os datos permiten establecer un dos l\u00edmites de laboratorio m\u00e1is estritos ata a data sobre como poden interactuar os axi\u00f3ns cos quarks e glu\u00f3ns do n\u00facleo at\u00f3mico, nun rango de masas que abarca oito ordes de magnitude\u201d. Engade que \u201cestes l\u00edmites son ademais complementarios aos que impo\u00f1en observaci\u00f3ns astrof\u00edsicas de estrelas e supernovas\u201d.<\/p>\n

Do mesmo xeito, o equipo destaca que \u201ceste enfoque, baseado en t\u00e9cnicas de \u00f3ptica cu\u00e1ntica e espectroscop\u00eda de precisi\u00f3n, abre unha v\u00eda complementaria aos grandes detectores subterr\u00e1neos e aos aceleradores de part\u00edculas\u201d. Prevense melloras neste aparello e nos m\u00e9todos de detecci\u00f3n, o cal permite anticipar que a sensibilidade do experimento seguir\u00e1 crecendo no futuro.<\/p>\n

Os resultados public\u00e1ronse recentemente na destacada revista Physical Review Letters<\/em><\/a>. Al\u00e9n de Alonso-\u00c1lvarez, o artigo est\u00e1 asinado por Mingyu Fan, Bassam Nima, Aleksandar Radak e Amar Vutha, da Universidade de Toronto, onde o investigador do IGFAE traballou antes da s\u00faa chegada a Santiago.\u00a0 Neste artigo, a s\u00faa contribuci\u00f3n centrouse no dese\u00f1o da an\u00e1lise estat\u00edstica dos datos: concretamente, en como ter en conta as propiedades do campo gal\u00e1ctico de axi\u00f3ns para identificar o sinal esperado e distinguilo do ru\u00eddo experimental.<\/p>\n

Sobre Gonzalo Alonso-\u00c1lvarez<\/strong><\/p>\n

Natural de Zaragoza, doutorouse en F\u00edsica na Universidade de Heidelberg (Alema\u00f1a) en 2020, cunha tese centrada en axi\u00f3ns e outros candidatos de materia escura lixeira. Realizou posteriormente estad\u00edas postdoutorais na Universidade McGill (Montreal, Canad\u00e1) e na Universidade de Toronto, tam\u00e9n no pa\u00eds norteamericano, onde colaborou co grupo experimental co que se desenvolveu o traballo descrito neste artigo.<\/p>\n

Gonzalo incorporouse ao IGFAE a comezos de 2026, captado polo programa Global Talent do IGFAE, financiado pola acreditaci\u00f3n de excelencia Mar\u00eda de Maeztu da Axencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n. Grazas a este contrato, regresou a Espa\u00f1a para continuar a s\u00faa carreira investigadora, e posteriormente conseguiu un contrato do programa Ram\u00f3n e Cajal. Ao longo da s\u00faa traxectoria explorou a natureza da materia escura desde m\u00faltiples \u00e1ngulos: desde predici\u00f3ns te\u00f3ricas e procuras en aceleradores de part\u00edculas, ata experimentos de laboratorio de alta precisi\u00f3n e observaci\u00f3ns astrof\u00edsicas e cosmol\u00f3xicas.<\/p>\n

No IGFAE, Alonso-\u00c1lvarez desenvolver\u00e1 unha li\u00f1a de investigaci\u00f3n centrada en desenvolver e probar modelos de materia escura, combinando o desenvolvemento te\u00f3rico coa conexi\u00f3n directa a experimentos e observaci\u00f3ns astrof\u00edsicas que permitan detectar estas part\u00edculas.<\/p>\n

\n

Referencia<\/strong>: Wideband Search for Axionlike Dark Matter Using Octupolar Nuclei in a Crystal<\/a> (Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, publicado o 25 de marzo de 2026).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A materia ordinaria representa apenas o 5% do Universo. O resto segue sendo un misterio para a Humanidade: non sabemos de que est\u00e1 composta, nin como se comporta. Est\u00edmase que a maior parte \u00e9 enerx\u00eda escura, e o resto (ao redor dun 27%) \u00e9 a materia escura, unha substancia que ten masa, e que se […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":23339,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[166,217],"class_list":["post-23337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novas-2","category-novas-cientificas-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUn cristal de laboratorio para intentar ver materia escura<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"O investigador do IGFAE Gonzalo Alonso-\u00c1lvarez participa nun experimento, publicado en Physical Review Letters, que busca sinais da misteriosa substancia que conforma o 27% do Universo\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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