{"id":20915,"date":"2025-07-16T17:00:21","date_gmt":"2025-07-16T15:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/?p=20915"},"modified":"2025-08-19T14:28:00","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T12:28:00","slug":"lhcb-cern-asimetria-cp-barions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/lhcb-cern-asimetria-cp-barions\/","title":{"rendered":"O experimento LHCb do CERN descobre unha nova \u00e1rea para estudar a asimetr\u00eda entre materia e antimateria no Universo"},"content":{"rendered":"

A revista \u2018Nature\u2019, unha das referencias da ciencia mundial, publica este m\u00e9rcores un achado fundamental<\/a> para comprender a prevalencia da materia sobre a antimateria que existe desde as orixes do universo. O artigo, asinado polo equipo do experimento LHCb do CERN, no que participa o IGFAE<\/a>, abre unha nova v\u00eda na procura de f\u00edsica m\u00e1is al\u00e1 do Modelo Est\u00e1ndar, a construci\u00f3n m\u00e1is completa que a ciencia conseguiu ofrecer ata agora para explicar o universo que co\u00f1ecemos e os seus compo\u00f1entes elementais.<\/p>\n

Logo de analizar unha gran cantidade de datos de colisi\u00f3ns que tiveron lugar no Gran Colisionador de Hadr\u00f3ns (LHC), a colaboraci\u00f3n LHCb obtivo a primeira evidencia robusta dunha asimetr\u00eda fundamental na desintegraci\u00f3n dos bari\u00f3ns (part\u00edculas compostas por tres quarks, como os prot\u00f3ns e os neutr\u00f3ns, presentes nos n\u00facleos at\u00f3micos). Previamente, en 2017 e 2019, xa se observaran indicios deste fen\u00f3meno, que agora puideron confirmarse cun nivel de certeza estat\u00edstica moito maior, segundo os resultados que hoxe publica \u2018Nature\u2019, e que xa se presentaran en marzo deste ano<\/a> na conferencia \u2018Rencontres de Moriond\u2019.<\/p>\n

Esta asimetr\u00eda, co\u00f1ecida como violaci\u00f3n de carga-paridade (CP), \u00e9 unha das claves que pode explicar por que a materia domina sobre a antimateria desde as orixes do Universo. \u201cO Modelo Est\u00e1ndar da F\u00edsica de Part\u00edculas \u00e9 un dos m\u00e1is exitosos na f\u00edsica. Por\u00e9n, non \u00e9 capaz de explicar alg\u00fans fen\u00f3menos naturais, como o feito de que o universo co\u00f1ecido est\u00e1 completamente \u00a0dominado pola materia, o cal nos asegura que nos faltan ingredientes\u201d, explica Mar\u00eda Vieites D\u00edaz, coordinadora adxunta de f\u00edsica na colaboraci\u00f3n LHCb<\/a> e investigadora Ram\u00f3n y Cajal no IGFAE e a USC.<\/p>\n

Primeira evidencia robusta da asimetr\u00eda CP en bari\u00f3ns<\/strong><\/h4>\n

A violaci\u00f3n CP xa fora observada anteriormente en mes\u00f3ns (part\u00edculas formadas por un par quark-antiquark, que median na interacci\u00f3n forte), pero non en bari\u00f3ns. Aquel descubrimento, acadado en 1964, valeulle o Nobel de F\u00edsica en 1980 a dous dos seus art\u00edfices, James Cronin e Val L. Fitch. \u201cOs avances no estudo das diferencias de comportamento entre materia e antimateria, como este novo resultado, son novas pezas que nos axudan a comprobar as predici\u00f3ns do Modelo Est\u00e1ndar nun dos seus puntos febles\u201d, destaca Mar\u00eda Vieites.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Ilustraci\u00f3n da desintegraci\u00f3n do bari\u00f3n beauty-lambda \u039bb, part\u00edcula na que se detectou a asimetr\u00eda por parte do detector LHCb. Cr\u00e9dito: LHCb \/ CERN.<\/p><\/div>\n

Nesta ocasi\u00f3n, a violaci\u00f3n CP observouse nun \u2018curm\u00e1n\u2019 m\u00e1is pesado dos prot\u00f3ns e neutr\u00f3ns, de curta vida media, chamado bari\u00f3n beauty-lambda \u039bb<\/sub>, composto por un quark \u2018up\u2019, un quark \u2018down\u2019 e un quark \u2018beauty\u2019. \u201cEste novo resultado \u00e9 consecuencia dunha toma de datos moi eficiente durante os anos 2011-2018, e dunha an\u00e1lise posterior moi elaborada, o cal permitiu medir de forma moi precisa estas diferencias entre materia e antimateria, acadando un resultado moi claro nun novo sistema (materia bari\u00f3nica) por primeira vez\u201d, salienta a investigadora galega.<\/p>\n

\u201cA raz\u00f3n pola que se tardou m\u00e1is en observar a violaci\u00f3n CP en bari\u00f3ns ca nos mes\u00f3ns d\u00e9bese ao tama\u00f1o do efecto, e \u00e1 cantidade de datos dispo\u00f1ibles\u201d, comenta Vincenzo Vagnoni, portavoz da colaboraci\u00f3n LHCb. \u201cPrecisabamos unha m\u00e1quina como LHC, capaz de producir un n\u00famero suficiente de bari\u00f3ns \u2018beauty\u2019 e as s\u00faas contrapartes de antimateria, e tam\u00e9n era necesario un experimento capaz de identificar con precisi\u00f3n os produtos da s\u00faa desintegraci\u00f3n. Fixeron falta m\u00e1is de 80.000 desintegraci\u00f3ns para ver por primeira vez esta asimetr\u00eda\u201d, destaca Vagnoni.<\/p>\n

Novas fontes de asimetr\u00eda a\u00ednda por descubrir<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Con todo, o fito publicado hoxe deixa a\u00ednda moitas inc\u00f3gnitas por resolver. A magnitude da violaci\u00f3n CP que pred\u00ed o Modelo Est\u00e1ndar \u00e9 insuficiente para explicar a asimetr\u00eda da materia sobre a antimateria. Isto suxire que existen novas fontes de violaci\u00f3n CP, al\u00e9n das contempladas no Modelo Est\u00e1ndar, que est\u00e1n por descubrir, o que constit\u00fae unha parte importante do programa de f\u00edsica do LHC, e que continuar\u00e1 nos futuros colisionadores de part\u00edculas. \u201cCantos m\u00e1is sistemas nos que observemos a violaci\u00f3n CP, e canta m\u00e1is precisi\u00f3n te\u00f1amos nestas medici\u00f3ns, m\u00e1is oportunidades teremos para po\u00f1er a proba o Modelo Est\u00e1ndar e buscar f\u00edsica m\u00e1is al\u00e1 del\u201d, comenta Vincenzo Vagnoni.<\/p>\n

Ese \u00e9, por tanto, un dos retos presentes e futuros da colaboraci\u00f3n LHCb: \u201cO traballo segue para realizar estas medidas, empregando outros bari\u00f3ns e outros estados finais, tanto cos datos dos per\u00edodos anteriores coma cos datos que se est\u00e1n tomando actualmente, no per\u00edodo co\u00f1ecido como LHC Run 3\u201d, concl\u00fae Mar\u00eda Vieites.<\/p>\n

O IGFAE na colaboraci\u00f3n LHCb \u00a0e no CERN<\/strong><\/h4>\n

O Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas \u00e9 un dos membros fundadores do experimento LHCb do CERN, que integran, en total, preto de 1800 persoas, vinculadas a m\u00e1is de 100 centros de investigaci\u00f3n de 24 pa\u00edses. Con preto de 40 membros vinculados a esta colaboraci\u00f3n, na actualidade representa o equipo espa\u00f1ol m\u00e1is numeroso en LHCb, ocupando cargos de alta responsabilidade.<\/p>\n

Al\u00e9n da parte experimental, o persoal do Instituto mant\u00e9n unha estreita colaboraci\u00f3n co CERN desde a perspectiva te\u00f3rica, en \u00e1reas de estudo como a cromodin\u00e1mica cu\u00e1ntica, os neutrinos ou a f\u00edsica nuclear. Do mesmo xeito, o IGFAE est\u00e1 presente nos grupos de discusi\u00f3n dos futuros aceleradores do CERN.<\/p>\n

Sobre o IGFAE<\/strong><\/h5>\n

O IGFAE \u00e9 un centro de investigaci\u00f3n creado en 1999 pola Universidade de Santiago de Compostela e a Xunta de Galicia. Naceu co obxectivo de coordinar e fomentar a investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica e t\u00e9cnica nos campos da F\u00edsica de Alta Enerx\u00eda, Part\u00edculas e Nuclear, e \u00e1reas relacionadas como a Astrof\u00edsica, a F\u00edsica M\u00e9dica ou a Instrumentaci\u00f3n. Acolle a arredor de 140 persoas que participan en instalaci\u00f3ns experimentais como o CERN, o Observatorio Pierre Auger, LIGO ou GSI\/FAIR, entre outras.<\/p>\n

O centro foi acreditado en d\u00faas ocasi\u00f3ns (2017 e 2023) como Unidade de Excelencia Mar\u00eda de Maeztu por parte da Axencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n do Goberno de Espa\u00f1a. Tam\u00e9n forma parte da rede CIGUS da Xunta de Galicia, que acredita a calidade e o impacto da s\u00faa investigaci\u00f3n. Est\u00e1 cofinanciado pola Uni\u00f3n Europea a trav\u00e9s do Programa Galicia Feder 2021-2027.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A revista \u2018Nature\u2019, unha das referencias da ciencia mundial, publica este m\u00e9rcores un achado fundamental para comprender a prevalencia da materia sobre a antimateria que existe desde as orixes do universo. O artigo, asinado polo equipo do experimento LHCb do CERN, no que participa o IGFAE, abre unha nova v\u00eda na procura de f\u00edsica m\u00e1is […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":20919,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[166,217],"class_list":["post-20915","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novas-2","category-novas-cientificas-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nO experimento LHCb do CERN descobre unha nova \u00e1rea para estudar a asimetr\u00eda entre materia e antimateria no Universo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"O resultado abre unha nova v\u00eda para procurar f\u00edsica m\u00e1is al\u00e1 do Modelo Est\u00e1ndar, a construci\u00f3n m\u00e1is robusta ata o momento para explicar o universo que co\u00f1ecemos e os seus compo\u00f1entes fundamentais\" \/>\n<meta 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