{"id":19472,"date":"2025-01-23T09:42:41","date_gmt":"2025-01-23T08:42:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/?p=19472"},"modified":"2025-08-19T15:47:39","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:47:39","slug":"a-simetria-do-universo-a-proba-hai-equilibrio-no-sentido-de-xiro-dos-buracos-negros","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/es\/a-simetria-do-universo-a-proba-hai-equilibrio-no-sentido-de-xiro-dos-buracos-negros\/","title":{"rendered":"A simetr\u00eda do universo, a proba: hai equilibrio no sentido de xiro dos buracos negros?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Un traballo liderado por investigadores do Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE), a Universidade Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) e a Universidade de Valencia (UV), investiga a posible existencia de asimetr\u00edas no universo a trav\u00e9s da an\u00e1lise do sentido de xiro das fusi\u00f3ns de buracos negros. O artigo publ\u00edcase na revista cient\u00edfica <\/a>Physical Review Letters,<\/em> unha das m\u00e1is prestixiosas do mundo no \u00e1mbito da f\u00edsica, e abre unha porta para investigar a fondo a posibilidade de que exista alg\u00fan desequilibrio na direcci\u00f3n de xiro destes eventos, un dos fen\u00f3menos m\u00e1is violentos que se producen no cosmos, causado por unha asimetr\u00eda do Universo a gran escala.<\/p>\n

O Principio Cosmol\u00f3xico, a proba<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A cosmolox\u00eda moderna postula que, observado a gran escala, o universo debe ser homox\u00e9neo e is\u00f3tropo. \u00c9 dicir, as s\u00faas propiedades non dependen nin do punto desde o que o observemos nin en que direcci\u00f3n o fagamos. Isto implica que tampouco deber\u00edan existir un balance entre obxectos que viren \u201ca dereitas\u201d e \u201ca esquerdas\u201d, o que se co\u00f1ece como simetr\u00eda \u201cespello\u201d. Nos \u00faltimos anos, numerosas investigaci\u00f3ns no campo da cosmolox\u00eda tentaron atopar fendas neste \u201cespello\u201d buscando evidencias de posibles asimetr\u00edas e desequilibrios.<\/p>\n

Neste caso, o traballo do equipo liderado por Juan Calder\u00f3n Bustillo, investigador do programa Ram\u00f3n y Cajal no IGFAE, centro mixto da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela e a Xunta de Galicia, utilizou datos de 47 fusi\u00f3ns de buracos negros observadas polos detectores de ondas gravitacionais LIGO e Virgo. Con estes datos, tentou verificar se as ondas gravitacionais producidas por estas fusi\u00f3ns preservan, ou non, a simetr\u00eda espello a gran escala.<\/p>\n

Golpear con efecto un bal\u00f3n de f\u00fatbol<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Para explicar o estudo, Juan Calder\u00f3n alude a unha analox\u00eda futbol\u00edstica: \u201cCando golpeas o bal\u00f3n coa parte interior do p\u00e9 dereito (con \u2018rosca\u2019), o bal\u00f3n rota en sentido contrario \u00e1s agullas do reloxo mentres viaxa polo aire\u201d. Con todo, en determinadas ocasi\u00f3ns, util\u00edzase como recurso o golpeo coa parte exterior do p\u00e9 (a t\u00e9cnica co\u00f1ecida como \u2018trivela\u2019 que executan con mestr\u00eda xogadores como Lamine Yamal ou Luka Modric). Neste caso, o bal\u00f3n comeza a rotar en sentido contrario.<\/p>\n

\u201cO golpeo de interior \u00e9 o m\u00e1is habitual no f\u00fatbol, xa que facilita o control da traxectoria do bal\u00f3n. E isto fai que haxa moitos m\u00e1is bal\u00f3ns virando nun sentido que no outro, creando unha asimetr\u00eda\u201d, destaca Calder\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

De modo similar, \u201ccando pensamos nun partido de f\u00fatbol c\u00f3smico no que os pases que se observan son as fusi\u00f3ns de buracos negros, poderemos ver eventos que viran no sentido das agullas do reloxo, ou no sentido contrario\u201d, comenta Adri\u00e1n del R\u00edo, investigador do programa C\u00e9sar Nombela na Universidad Carlos III e co-autor do artigo. \u201cPero se o Universo \u00e9 realmente neutral, como soste\u00f1en os datos, non deber\u00eda haber desequilibrios; \u00e9 dicir, existir\u00eda a mesma proporci\u00f3n de buracos negros no sentido das agullas do reloxo e en sentido contrario\u201d.<\/p>\n

O estudo que acaba de publicarse apunta que, por agora, esta simetr\u00eda mantense. \u201cA\u00ednda que os datos apoian a idea dun Universo equilibrado, a\u00ednda \u00e9 pronto para afirmalo, xa que nosa estat\u00edstica \u00e9 moi limitada\u201d, apunta Nicol\u00e1s Sanchis Gual, investigador Ram\u00f3n y Cajal na Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia e co-autor do traballo. No futuro, a medida que observemos m\u00e1is e m\u00e1is fusi\u00f3ns de buracos negros, poderemos medir con precisi\u00f3n se realmente o Universo \u00e9 un \u201c\u00e1rbitro neutral\u201d entre estes dous equipos.<\/p>\n

A procura da asimetr\u00eda contin\u00faa<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Con todo, a historia da f\u00edsica ofrece motivos dabondo para dubidar. Tal e como lembra Juan Calder\u00f3n, o famoso experimento realizado nos anos 50 do s\u00e9culo XX polo equipo da f\u00edsica Chien-Shiung Wu, a partir das predici\u00f3ns te\u00f3ricas de Tsung-Dao Le e Chen-Ning Yang, \u201cdescubriu que os electr\u00f3ns procedentes de desintegraci\u00f3ns at\u00f3micas mostraban preferencia por unha direcci\u00f3n de esp\u00edn \u2018a dereitas\u2019\u201d, o que revelou unha asimetr\u00eda na forza d\u00e9bil que rexe ditas desintegraci\u00f3ns\u201d. Este achado, que contradic\u00eda as leis de conservaci\u00f3n da paridade na interacci\u00f3n d\u00e9bil, supuxo un dos fitos da f\u00edsica de part\u00edculas e nuclear da segunda metade do s\u00e9culo pasado.<\/p>\n

Nesta mesma li\u00f1a, segundo apunta Adri\u00e1n del R\u00edo, \u201cas ecuaci\u00f3ns da gravidade de Einstein, que rexen o cosmos a gran escala, permiten en principio que por cada obxecto rotando a dereitas haxa outro a esquerdas, pero non requiren que o Universo conte\u00f1a exactamente as mesmas proporci\u00f3ns. Este traballo pretende explorar se a gravidade ten \u2018preferencias ocultas\u2019\u201d. \u00c9, por tanto, s\u00f3 o comezo dunha apaixonante viaxe para po\u00f1er a proba unha das propiedades m\u00e1is profundas do Universo. \u201cEste partido de f\u00fatbol c\u00f3smico a\u00ednda non terminou\u201d, concl\u00fae Calder\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Sobre o IGFAE<\/strong><\/h5>\n

O\u00a0Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE), \u00e9 un centro de investigaci\u00f3n creado en 1999 pola Universidade de Santiago de Compostela e a Xunta de Galicia. Naceu co obxectivo de coordinar e fomentar a investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica e t\u00e9cnica nos campos da F\u00edsica de Alta Enerx\u00eda, Part\u00edculas e Nuclear, e \u00e1reas relacionadas como a Astrof\u00edsica, a F\u00edsica M\u00e9dica ou a Instrumentaci\u00f3n. Acolle a arredor de 140 persoas que participan en instalaci\u00f3ns experimentais como o CERN, o Observatorio Pierre Auger, LIGO ou GSI\/FAIR, entre outras.<\/p>\n

O centro foi acreditado en d\u00faas ocasi\u00f3ns (2017 e 2023) como Unidade de Excelencia Mar\u00eda de Maeztu por parte da Axencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n do Goberno de Espa\u00f1a. Tam\u00e9n forma parte da rede CIGUS da Xunta de Galicia, que acredita a calidade e o impacto da s\u00faa investigaci\u00f3n. Est\u00e1 cofinanciado pola Uni\u00f3n Europea a trav\u00e9s do Programa Galicia Feder 2021-2027.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Un traballo liderado por investigadores do Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE), a Universidade Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) e a Universidade de Valencia (UV), investiga a posible existencia de asimetr\u00edas no universo a trav\u00e9s da an\u00e1lise do sentido de xiro das fusi\u00f3ns de buracos negros. O artigo publ\u00edcase na revista cient\u00edfica Physical […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":19476,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[166,217],"class_list":["post-19472","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novas-2","category-novas-cientificas-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nA simetr\u00eda do universo, a proba: hai equilibrio no sentido de xiro dos buracos negros? - IGFAE<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/a-simetria-do-universo-a-proba-hai-equilibrio-no-sentido-de-xiro-dos-buracos-negros\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A simetr\u00eda do universo, a proba: hai equilibrio no sentido de xiro dos buracos negros? - IGFAE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Un traballo liderado por investigadores do Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE), a Universidade Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) e a Universidade de Valencia (UV), investiga a posible existencia de asimetr\u00edas no universo a trav\u00e9s da an\u00e1lise do sentido de xiro das fusi\u00f3ns de buracos negros. 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