{"id":21268,"date":"2025-09-09T11:00:35","date_gmt":"2025-09-09T09:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/?p=21268"},"modified":"2025-09-09T11:15:50","modified_gmt":"2025-09-09T09:15:50","slug":"first-ever-complete-measurement-black-hole-recoil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/igfae.usc.es\/igfae\/en\/first-ever-complete-measurement-black-hole-recoil\/","title":{"rendered":"First-ever complete measurement of a black-hole recoil 10 years after the historical gravitational-wave detection"},"content":{"rendered":"

A team of researchers led by the Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE) from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) has measured for the first time the speed and direction of the recoil of a newborn black hole formed through the merger of two others. The result, published today in the prestigious journal <\/a>Nature Astronomy<\/em><\/a>, offers new insights into some of the most extreme events in the Universe.<\/p>\n

Gravitational waves (GWs) are ripples in the fabric of spacetime that travel away from their sources at the speed of light encoding information about them. They provide a completely novel information channel that allows us to observe astrophysical phenomena that do not emit light \u2013 such as black hole mergers \u2013 and obtain new information about processes that do \u2013 such as supernovae or neutron-star mergers.<\/p>\n

While Einstein predicted the existence of GWs in 1916, they are so weak that detecting them requires incredibly sensitive detectors and extremely violent astrophysical events such as black-hole mergers, supernovae or the Big Bang itself. For this reason, it took a century to detect GWs for the first time, when the Advanced LIGO detectors \u2013 located in Hanford (Washington) and Livingston (Louisiana) \u2013recorded in September 2015 the signal GW150914, emitted by the merger of two black holes of around 30 times the mass of the Sun. Since then, almost 300 such events have been recorded, which has allowed us to start exploring the population of black holes in our Universe and test gravity in its most violent regime.<\/p>\n

Among the most dramatic outcomes of black hole mergers is the black hole recoil.<\/strong> When two black holes merge, the resulting single black hole emits gravitational waves unevenly in different directions. This imbalance causes the remnant to “kick” away\u2014sometimes at speeds of thousands of kilometres per second, fast enough to escape its host galaxy.<\/p>\n

Now, a decade after the first discovery of GWs, a small team of researchers from the University of Santiago de Compostela, Pennsylvania State University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong has measured for the first time both the speed and direction the recoiling black hole formed during the event GW190412: a merger of two black holes of unequal masses observed in 2019 by the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors during their third observing period.<\/p>\n

Measuring a black-hole recoil<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Gravitational waves emitted in different directions look very different, which allows us to understand where exactly we are around the source. Therefore, signals differ significantly depending on the observer\u2019s position relative to the recoil, which allows us to know its direction with respect to that defined by the source and the Earth. In addition, GR tells us the speed of the recoil given the measurements of the masses and spins of the source. With this we can completely characterise the recoil.<\/p>\n

Prof. Juan Calderon-Bustillo, IGFAE researcher and leading author, explains this with a music analogy: \u201cBlack-hole mergers can be understood as a superposition of different signals, just like the music of an orchestra consistent with the combination of music played by many different instruments. However, this orchestra is special: audiences located in different positions around it will record different combinations of instruments, which allows them to understand where exactly they are around it\u201d.<\/p>\n

The team concluded that the recoil of the remnant of GW190412 surpassed 50\u00a0km\/s \u2013 enough to expel the black-hole from a globular cluster \u2013 and determined its recoil direction with respect to the Earth, the orbital angular momentum of the system, and the binary\u2019s separation line a couple seconds before the merger.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe came out with this method back in 2018. We showed it would enable kick measurements using our current detectors at a time when other existing methods required detectors like LISA, which was more than a decade away\u201d, Calderon-Bustillo says. \u201cUnfortunately, by that time Advanced LIGO and Virgo had not detected a signal with \u2018music from various instruments\u2019 that could enable a kick measurement. However, we were sure one such detection should happen soon. It was extremely exciting to detect GW190412 just one year later, notice the kick could probably be measured and we actually do it!\u201d, recalls.<\/p>\n

Dr. Koustav Chandra, postdoctoral researcher at Penn State says: \u201cThis is one of the few phenomena in astrophysics where we\u2019re not just detecting something\u2014we\u2019re reconstructing the full 3D motion of an object that\u2019s billions of light-years away, using only ripples in spacetime. It\u2019s a remarkable demonstration of what gravitational waves can do\u201d.<\/p>\n

And what comes next?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Measuring the direction of black-hole recoils can open avenues to study black-hole mergers with both gravitational and electromagnetic signals. \u201cBlack-hole mergers in dense environments can lead to detectable electromagnetic signals \u2013 known as flares \u2013 as the remnant black hole traverses a dense environment like an active galactic nucleus (AGN)\u201d says Samson Leong, Ph.D student at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and co-author of the article. \u201cBecause the visibility of the flare depends on the recoil’s orientation relative to Earth, measuring the recoils will allow us to distinguish between a true GW-EM signal pair that comes from a BBH and a just random coincidence\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A team of researchers led by the Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE) from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) has measured for the first time the speed and direction of the recoil of a newborn black hole formed through the merger of two others. The result, published today in the prestigious […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":21265,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"class_list":["post-21268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-scientific-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFirst-ever complete measurement of a black-hole recoil 10 years after the historical gravitational-wave detection<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Os resultados, publicados en "Nature Astronomy", remarcan o valor do estudo das ondas gravitacionais para entender un dos eventos m\u00e1is extremos que se producen no Universo\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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